Researchers believe it is realistic to expect that in the future, avian influenza viruses will mutate to become even more adaptable to mammal-to-mammal transmission. While the current outbreak in cows in the US suggests this, evidence already derived in 2023 in Argentine elephant seals using genome analysis [3]. One thing is certain: The closer the contact between humans and the affected mammalian species, or the more widespread use of their animal products, the greater the risk of a possible pandemic in humans. In order to be prepared for this scenario and to prevent further transmission among dairy cows, vaccine development approaches for cows are now being discussed. Yet, there is still a long way to go before such vaccines can be produced. First, fundamental aspects must be examined in more detail - for example, whether bird flu in cows is actually only transmitted via milk(ing) or also via droplets [4]. The high virus concentrations detected in raw milk of infected cows, for example, support the assumption that transmission occurs during the milking process [5]. As the large-scale use of avian influenza vaccines in cattle is still a long way off, current containment measures focus mainly on increased surveillance. Since the wastewater from dairy farms likely contains virus fragments, wastewater testing will soon be used on a larger scale [6].